Newborn Jaundice

Alternate Names : Hyperbilirubinemia

What are the treatments for the condition?

Too much unprocessed bilirubin can cause complications. The unprocessed bilirubin can get into the brain where it causes permanent damage. It usually takes a fairly high level of unprocessed bilirubin to be toxic. High levels of processed bilirubin are not as toxic. However, high levels of processed bilirubin suggest the need for prompt attention.

Most infants with newborn jaundice can be treated with special lights used for phototherapy. Unprocessed bilirubin in the skin can be processed if it is exposed to fluorescent light. Focused halogen lights and fiber-optic, wrap-around blankets have also been used. With training and supervision, the infant's parents can use these treatments at home.

Some types of jaundice cannot be treated with phototherapy. An exchange transfusion may be needed. A catheter is inserted into the belly button, or umbilicus. A small amount of the baby's blood is removed. It is immediately replaced with donor blood. This is repeated until enough blood has been exchanged. Then the bilirubin level is measured at intervals. This procedure has risks. It should be done only by trained staff with proper equipment.

Breast milk jaundice is harmless. It will quickly go away and not come back if the mother stops breast-feeding for 24 to 48 hours. Formula is used during this time to keep the newborn nourished.

What are the side effects of the treatments?

Phototherapy can be harmful to the eyes, so the baby's eyes must be protected. Exchange transfusion can cause changes to the acid levels in body fluids, called metabolic acidosis. It can also cause low blood glucose or calcium levels, changes in heart rate, and inadequate breathing. The baby may need resuscitation. Clotting or infection of the umbilical vein could result in liver complications.

Surgery is associated with a risk of infection or bleeding after the operation.

What happens after treatment for the condition?

Most cases of newborn jaundice resolve without any further problems. Underlying problems, such as liver disease, may require further treatment.

How is the condition monitored?

Infants who have transfusions must be watched carefully. They can develop anemia, which is a low red blood cell count, or bile stoppage. Inherited diseases causing jaundice and conditions requiring surgery need long-term follow-up care. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare provider.